The Struggle to Gain Equality A Study of Native American...

Respect Frees Women from Inequality In Woman: Myth and Reality, Simone De Beauvoir describes the myth of the Eternal Feminine which creates inequality between men and women. In The Four Idols, Francis Bacon uses the four idols of the tribe, the cave, the marketplace, and the theater to show how humans understanding and intelligence hinders their knowledge of nature. In The Origin of Civil Society, Jean-Jacques Rousseau concludes that the Social Contract benefits those who are not strong to fight for their equality in law and civil rights. In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx disapproves of an industrial society, and he strongly supports communism with his ten points to prove that communism is beneficial. In Ceremony, Leslie†¦show more content†¦She states that `to pose woman is to pose then absolute Other (821). `The other is referred to women who are classified as being different to men even though both share a human body. Women are also not seen as `a subject, a fellow human being.(821). This is caused by m en who believe a myth of females through experiences of which Beauvoir states as feelings and thoughts, rather then the reality of women themselves. Men see women as what they think they see because of the way they feel about women. Men have opinions in ways of physical or knowledge of women. These opinions created are myths which men believe to be the true women. These men usually belong in the western patriarchal society. Men hold myths against women and placed women beneath men and held them to be the property of men (Guerrero). Being placed beneath men can show that women are treated unequally in a patriarchal society where they are not respected. This is the woman in a patriarch world. Women who live in a matriarch society are equal to men due to the respect they receive. Men in a matriarch sort of become `the other. The respect and equality can be seen in Native Americans. By examining Native American womens roles will show their equality with men. Women have knowledge of weaving, agriculture, and animal husbandry (9). They also look after children and the household. Therefore, Navajo women are central forces in their families and communities (1). They are important withShow MoreRelatedReligion Is The Involvement Of Women And The Roles That They Play1734 Words   |  7 Pagescode of conduct for their followers to live through (Robson, 12-15). Although there are many differences between the diverse religions of the world, the similarities seem to be more apparent. One subject that seems to be underrepresented in the study of religion is the involvement of women and the roles that they play. â€Å"†¦there is much value in examining how women are perceived and treated in different traditions† (Anderson, xii). 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North American Free Trade Agreement Essay - 1398 Words

North American Free Trade Agreement During the most recent race for the White House we heard very little of substance from both parties, but one thing both parties seem to agree on is that free trade has been bad for the U.S. worker. One candidate proclaimed that the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has cost the United States hundreds of thousands of jobs and another distanced herself from free trade agreements all together. It has been over twenty years since the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement and many have criticized it as a bad deal for the U.S. It can be shown that NAFTA was not the main cause of job loss in the United States, but that it is beneficial for the United States, Canada, and Mexico and could be even more advantageous for all countries in the Americas. The North American Free Trade Agreement is a concord between the United States, Canada, and Mexico that promotes free trade between the three nations. (â€Å"North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)†) This agreement provided the eventual elimination of tariffs and nontariff barriers between the three countries and was signed by President George H. W. Bush, a Republican; it was also championed by his successor President Bill Clinton, a Democrat. (â€Å"North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)† ) During the most recent U.S. presidential campaign the republican candidate, Donald Trump, lambasted our current president, Barak Obama, and past presidents in regards to freeShow MoreRelatedThe North American Free Trade Agreement1711 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will discuss four components of the North American Free Trade Agreement: Background, events, pros and cons. Upon the research, you will discover four online articles to provide more detail and examples. This research will indicate how it was developed and the reasoning on why it would benefit the nation. 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By strengthening the policies and procedures governing trade and investment, the NAFTA has indicated to be a solid foundation for developing Canada’s prosperity and has set an important example of the advantages of trade liberalization for the rest of the globe. Two decades

Business Research Methodology and Qualitative Methods

Question: Discuss about the Business Research Methodology and Qualitative Methods. Answer: Introduction: In The New, New Thing, Michael Lewis has explained the term business model as a team of art. However, it can be stated that it is less surprising than it seems because the entire concept depends on how people are using it. Brymann and Bell (2015) have defined that a business model is the way in which an organization or a company successfully generates revenue and tends to make the profit from the companys existing operations. It can be seen that the analysts use this specific metric gross profit as a simple way to compare the efficiency as well as effectiveness of the companys business model. In case of the firms, the gross profit is calculated by subtracting the cost of the goods and services sold from revenues. Therefore, in brief, it can be said that a business model is the conceptual framework that supports the viability of the existing business taking into account its purposes along with its goals and its ongoing plans to achieve them (Zikmund et al., 2013). Some researchers like Eriksson and Kovalainen (2015), have stated that a commerce representation is comparable to a business chart in its composition and content. However, it is required to specify here that a business plan specifies all the necessary fundamentals required to display the feasibility of a prospective business, while on the other hand, a business model clearly explains the rudiments that make an obtainable trade work productively. A disruption is a major disturbance, something that changes the plans or interrupts some procedures or events. Lambert and Davidson (2013) have said that one of the few ways left for the organizations for protecting their margins is through business model differentiation. It can be stated that the business models have become the innovative foundation of rivalry that replace the product features and benefits, as the playing field on which corporations appear as prevailing or stragglers. Amit and Zott (2012) have said that the concealed target of any of the organizations is to clearly maximize the profit within a specified time frame. Hence, each organization works with specific purpose of achieving their strategic goals as well as objectives it has formulated for the particular time. On the other hand to this, disruption is the way of blowing up the present business market, for making way for the emerging business (DaSilva Trkman, 2014). In the year 1989, two brothers named Tony and Terry Pearce with enough experiences in advanced aerospace materials and in manufacturing, the company Purple Mattress came into existence. They successfully created high-tech carbon fiber sporting goods and wheelchairs. Their thorough market research stated that huge numbers of Australians suffer from chronic sleep disorders and thus they wanted to solve this issue through innovation of mattress. This product supports back like a firm mattress, successfully cradles hips and shoulders like a soft mattress. This product does not compromise like a medium-firmness mattress and the product is firm and soft at the same time (McQuivey, 2013). From the company profile, it has been seen that the business model of Purple Mattress was disrupted, owing to the fundamental shifts in the existing home furnish industry. Now the question is to why such successful company has disastrously failed to sustain itself in the recent past. The answer can be found from the kind of business model incorporated by Purple Mattress over the last few years. Over the last few years, it has been seen that the company used to rely on offline marketing and it is believed that use of this business model is the reason of disruption. McQuivey (2013) has stated that given the internets tremendous rise in popularity, present days marketers refer to some other media channels that are not connected to the World Wide Web as offline. In order to reach to the target customers, the company used campaigns like radio and print advertising like billboards, signs and pamphlets, television advertisements and telemarketing. However, it can be stated that internet has been leaving strong impact in every aspects and thus many companies have shifted from offline marketing strategy to online marketing strategy (Downes Nunes, 2013). McQuivey (2013) has stated that it is important for the business owners as well as marketers in order to avoid the trap of binary thinking. It can be stated that though TV promotion and advertising were unsurpassed ways to arrive at customers for decades, the enlargement of internet video demands a significant transform in devices from marketers. Therefore, it can be stated that a business owner who rely only upon TV advertisements to attain the target customers might be surprised to learn that many members of their target customers watch far less TV than they think. Recent reports have stated that 84% of the internet users throughout the globe watch videos online and thus the companies must upgrade their marketing strategies. DaSilva and Trkman (2014) has stated that while there are no strict good or bad methods of marketing, each method has its own specific spectrum of good and bad strategies. Therefore, it can be stated that the best technique a marketer can use in their campaign is rigorous split testing for gaining refined data about the effectiveness of their strategies. Purple mattress used to depend only on offline marketing, while other companies updated their marketing strategies from offline mode to online mode. In the present day scenario, internet advertising is a major impactful means of marketing with significant consideration gripping traits for any type of commerce, especially those who are making money online. Therefore, it can be stated that the most extraordinary characteristic of internet advertising is its potentiality to let businesses converse openly with the aim addressees. In order to stay ahead of the competitors, the management of the company is required to rely on online marketing, as most of the businesses in the present day gain the attention of the customers through online marketing (Onpurple.com., 2016). In this part, it is required to mention some effective business marketing, so that the company can effectively restore their position in the existing market place. Eriksson and Kovalainen (2015) have stated that there is a multiplicity of imaginative tools obtainable for the online business in order to incorporate in their overall internet marketing campaign like: Social media advertising Affiliate selling Email advertising Online video advertising Content advertising At this stage, the marketing and the management team is required to focus on predetermined objectives. The company is required to increase brand awareness, increase in sales along with new online lead generation. They are required to focus on the following points to deal with disruption and these are as follows: The marketing and the management team is required to do thorough research work and this would help them to get trace of the target customers They are required to use the social networks in order to enhance their email service and attract the links (McQuivey, 2013) Apart from that, it can be stated that the company must focus on their presence in different social media sites like Facebook, Google+ and Instagram. Besides that, they are required to create YouTube slide shares and Picassa profiles. With the help of the IT professionals, the marketing team is required to enhance their Google+, Yahoo and Bing local profiles (McQuivey, 2013) At the end, it can be stated that the marketing and the management team of Purple Mattress is required to upgrade their offline business model to online business model, as this would be helpful for the company. References Amit, R., Zott, C. (2012). Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), 41. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. DaSilva, C. M., Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: What it is and what it is not.Long Range Planning,47(6), 379-389. Downes, L., Nunes, P. (2013). Big bang disruption.Harvard business review, 44-56. Eriksson, P., Kovalainen, A. (2015).Qualitative Methods in Business Research: A Practical Guide to Social Research. Sage. Lambert, S. C., Davidson, R. A. (2013). Applications of the business model in studies of enterprise success, innovation and classification: An analysis of empirical research from 1996 to 2010.European Management Journal,31(6), 668-681. McQuivey, J. (2013). Digital disruption: Unleashing the next wave of innovation. onpurple.com,. (2016).Purple - No Pressure Mattresses and Seat Cushions.Purple. Retrieved 24 August 2016, from https://onpurple.com/ onpurple.com/about-us,. (2016).About us - Purple.Purple. Retrieved 24 August 2016, from https://onpurple.com/about-us/ Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., Griffin, M. (2013).Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Case Study J & J Company and Its Future Survival

Question: Discuss about theCase Studyfor J J Company and Its Future Survival. Answer: Introduction Success in the construction industry is based on various factors, which poses a direct effect on the delivery and performance of companies. Gbadamosi Nwankwo (2011) define success as the ability of a company to survive all adversities. For J J Company to survive in the current and future dynamic business settings, it should respond to market transformations and implement the finest business norms that are favorable for them to use the available resources. The company should adopt models such as entrepreneurial organization, entrepreneurial competencies, and entrepreneurial orientation in order to compete with other companies in the construction industry. J J Company is in a crisis, and it will only survive in future if the management adopts fundamental competencies of an entrepreneur including marketing competencies, technical competencies, and management competencies (Edwards, 2005). As such, the paper will examine at various organizational, financial, and marketing strategies th at J J Company needs to adopt for its future survival. Organizational Issues J J Company needs to organize itself well in terms of employees, finances, and marketing strategies. The company needs to identify and group the jobs that are to be accomplished by all the employees (Naoum, 2001). Equally, the company should define and delegate authority and responsibility and establish relationships among employees with the aim of encouraging individuals to work efficiently in accomplishing the goals of the company. According to Straton-Ferrier (2001), an organization comprises of any group of people, small or large; that cooperates under the guidance and direction of the executive leadership in attaining of specific common objectives. As such, for J J Company to survive in future, its executive leadership needs to develop an organization process and structure which identify relationships among employees and integrate each activity of the company towards a common purpose. Moore Hackett (2016), assert that an organizations structure is the only way that a company can manage to allocate its resources towards attaining its strategic objectives. To survive in future, J J Company must change its current organizational structure and develop a structure that meets its current objectives in the changing construction industry (Senior Halpin, 2013). Equally, J J Company should avoid being simple in their functions, goals, contents, and structure by adopting science and technology in their projects. In essence, the organization of the company should use technology to plan their activities, evaluate their systems, coordinate their departments, and assess their organizational behavior (Setiawan, Erdogan Ogunlana, 2015). Marketing Issues According to Fifield (2008), marketing denotes any human activity that satisfies the wants and needs of individuals through an exchange practice. J J Company should have a marketing plan that aims to make sales which can earn reasonable proceeds for the company. Additionally, J J Company must create and deliver to its customers the current and better construction materials. Since the company distributes construction material items such as parquets, wallpapers, kitchen cabinets, floor tiles and bathroom taps, it should conduct a market research to find out the exact quality of products that customers require. Then, the company should plan and develop products that would satisfy the requirements of their clients. Similarly, the marketing team should determine the best method of pricing, distributing and promoting the new products of JJ Company. Abd-Hamid, Azizan Sorooshian (2015) assert that the marketing objective of any company should be to develop a customer base that is characte rized by their needs and the organization strategies to meet those needs. Furthermore, the modern marketing concept concentrates on the customers as well as their satisfaction in order to increase the sale of products (Low, 1993). For J J Company to survive in future, it should undertake product development and planning before the real production occurs: other things such as pricing, distribution, competition, and profits are secondary. Financial Issues According to Ananthan, Appannaiah and Reddy (2010), it is essential for managers to be accountable since managerial accounting offers nonfinancial and financial information to a companys decision makers. Equally, J J Company should adopt concepts such as financial accounting which helps in reporting, collecting, and managing information that the customers demand. Due to the economic crisis that the company is facing, it is essential for the company to embrace both monetary and nonmonetary information reporting (Walaski, Rodriguez Keyes, 2015). These reporting styles will enable the company to provide financial statements that contain useful information to the managers (insiders), various employees, and other individuals interested in the organization (outsiders) (Eggers Lin, 2015). Additionally, J J Company should adopt procedures and concepts that can determine their products future costs. Equally, the finance department should develop a plan of how the company will conduct its yearly budgeting, product costing, break-even analysis, cost analysis, and profit planning. The plan will enable the managers to make informed decisions about the current and future costs of their products (Ross Williams, 2012). The predicted costs can be used in profitability analysis, product pricing, and in determining whether to buy or make a product. Conclusion Conclusively, there are many changes happening across the world that will force J J to change the way they have been conducting their businesses. Some of the changes include technological changes, where the tools, equipment, and machinery that are currently being used in the construction industry have changed. Similarly, there are changes in supply and demand, consumer tastes, and needs, as well as competition in various construction markets. Moreover, organizational changes can be as a result of political and social conditions, or the relations between businesses and government. Hence, to catch up with these changes, J J Company needs to change its marketing, organizational, and financial methods and processes. References Abd-Hamid, Z., Azizan, N. A., Sorooshian, S. (2015). Predictors for the Success and Survival of Entrepreneurs in the Construction Industry. International Journal Of Engineering Business Management, 71. Ananthan, B. R., Appannaiah, H. R., Reddy, P. N. (2010). Business Management. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Publishing House. Edwards, L. (2005). Practical Risk Management in the Construction Industry. London: T. Telford. Eggers, J. P., Lin, S. (2015). Dealing with Failure: Serial Entrepreneurs and the Costs of Changing Industries between Ventures. Academy Of Management Journal, 58(6). Fifield, P. (2008). Marketing Strategy Masterclass. Amsterdam: Routledge. Gbadamosi, A., Nwankwo, S. (2011). Entrepreneurship Marketing: Principles and Practice of SME Marketing. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Low, S. P. (1993). Marketing Research for the Global Construction Industry. Singapore: Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore. Moore, S., Hackett, E. J. (2016). Original research article: The construction of technology and place: Concentrating solar power conflicts in the United States. Energy Research Social Science, 1167-78. Naoum, S. (2001). People and Organizational Management in Construction. London: Telford. Ross, A., Williams, P. (2012). Financial Management in Construction Contracting. Chicester: Wiley. Senior, B. A., Halpin, D. W. (2013). Financial Management and Accounting Fundamentals for Construction. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Setiawan, H., Erdogan, B., Ogunlana, S. O. (2015). Proactiveness of Contractors: A study of Indonesia. Procedia Engineering, 125(Civil Engineering Innovation for a Sustainable), 60-67. Straton-Ferrier, J. (2001). Marketing in the Construction Industry: Proceedings of the IM Construction Industry Marketing Group Meetings second series. London: Institute of Marketing. Walaski, P., Rodriguez, J. A., Keyes, C. A. (2015). Consultants Business Development Guide. Park Ridge: American Society of Safety Engineers.

6 Common Career Regrets to Avoid

6 Common Career Regrets to Avoid We all have regrets in life. Regret after eating those tacos at 11:30 last night. Regret over not asking that perfect person on a date back in college. Your career isn’t immune to that same level of â€Å"what if?†, but by identifying some common areas of potential regret, you might be able to change your professional destiny a bit. 1. Playing it too safeDid you avoid asking for a promotion because your manager might say no? Have you waited for colleagues to speak up with their ideas because you weren’t sure how yours would be received? Being bold and taking a risk (or a stand) once in a while can lead you to workplace opportunities you might never have noticed otherwise.2. Staying for the moneyA large salary can be hard thing to walk away from- but if you think about your current career path and the biggest (or only) positive is your paycheck, you might want to reconsider. Without the fulfillment of a job that challenges you and makes you greet projects with ent husiasm, your 20-years-from-now self will likely  be stressed and unhappy.3. Staying for the friendsAs with the money, if your awesome colleagues are the only reason you’re excited to head into the office in the morning, you might want to rethink your job. Sure, the friendly chats, goofy emails, and bonding over office absurdities can get you through the day, but don’t let that cover up your relationship with your job.If you’re not satisfied with your day-to-day workload or the way you’re managed, friends may not make up for that in the long term. And what happens when your buddies move on to other jobs and opportunities, leaving you behind at a job you don’t especially like?4. Not making an effort with your coworkersOn the flip side, we’ve all seen coworkers who have zero interest in being one of the gang. If you’re that coworker (you know, the one who wears headphones 24/7 or awkwardly avoids small talk at the espresso machine), y ou might want to reach out a little more and get to know your colleagues.You don’t have to go to every happy hour, or â€Å"like† everything they post on Facebook. But you spend many hours a week with these people. You all share a common goal (workplace success), and knowing people’s personalities and strengths can help make your own work more effective. Besides, a little bonding can help you get through those tough projects and long days together.5. Not maintaining your networkRemember whatsherface, whose cubicle was across from yours six years ago? Well, now she works for your dream company, and she could totally get you a foot in the door- if only you had maintained a relationship.Once you start at a new job, â€Å"out of sight, out of mind† can be tempting as you meet new colleagues and learn a new workplace culture. However, keeping in touch with your former colleagues and mentors can help you build a large and fruitful network as you move through yo ur career. You never know when you’ll be perfect for an opening at your old boss’s new company†¦ but you’ll definitely never know if you haven’t bothered to email him since your last day together in the office.6. Neglecting work-life balanceIf you go to a colleague’s retirement party and ask them to reflect on their long career, you know what you’re not going to hear? â€Å"I wish I’d worked more 14-hour days.† Whether that means leaving the office on time, not answering emails after 9 p.m., or just making sure you take a lunch break, it’s important to maintain boundaries.Working (or thinking about working) all the time can lead to stress and burnout. Making sure you’re able to devote time to your family (or to your longtime hobby of knitting sweaters for cats) can help you get the balance you need to be productive and satisfied throughout your career.

The electro negativity of atoms Essay Example

The electro negativity of atoms Essay Example The electro negativity of atoms Essay The electro negativity of atoms Essay ApparatusThe apparatus I will use to conduct the experiment are:* 1-clorobutane (1 mol)* 1-bromobutane (1 mol)* 1-idobutane (1mol)* Silver Nitrate (0.01 mol)* Ethanol* Water Bath (Heated to 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C* Test tubes x3* Test tube rack* Teat pipettes x3* Burettes (1mmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) x2* Pipette fillerMethod* Set up test tubes and test tube rack* Put 1 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of silver nitrate into the three test tubes using a burettes* Add ethanol(1cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) with the other burette* Put test tubes in water bath (pre heated to 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) and leave for 10 minutes test tubes will be placed in water bath at the exact same timeSafetyTo make my experiment a safe one I will wear safety goggles (I also have done research into the chemicals I have using, this means I know what to do if I spill some upon my hand or on the floor) for example 1-iodobutane is a slight irritantFair TestTo make this as fair a test as possible I will use a water bath to control the temperature the bath will be heat ed to 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C I will place all the test tubes with the mixtures in the water bath at the same time, I will ensure that they have been in the water bath for ten minutes this should ensure that they are all at the same temperature as the temperature influences the rate of reaction it is essential I do this. I will use a burette to mesure the silver nitrate and ethanol this should ensure accuracy in the volume. Human errors can affect the results; I could use a micropipette array and a data logger to take away the chance of human error, using a micropipette array would mean the halogenoalkanes are added at the time plus the drop size would be the same. The data logger will give more accurate representation of which reaction occurs fastest as you are not relying on eyesight and highly sensitive electronic equipment.ExplanationDue to halogen atom i.e. chlorine, iodine and bromine being more electronegative than the carbon the carbon halogen bond is polarised thecarbon atom is ele ctron deficient and is liable to attack fromnuceophiles with their lone-pair of electrons (e.g. OHà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ions).The carbon atom can not form more than four bonds thereforethe halogen atoms are substituted by the nuclephille and the halogen atom leaves as a halide ion. (A covalent bond forms between the carbon and the nuceophille)Mechanism nucleophilic substitutionThe OH group attacks the delta positive carbon (nucleophilic) these strength the bond between C-X bond becomes weaker. As the alcohol group approaches the carbon, the negative bonds (in hydrogen bonds) start to move away from the OHà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ as they are being repelled, the final structure is opposite to the originalPredictionBondBond Enthalpy (kJ molà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)C-Cl340C-Br280C-I240If I were to base the experiment on the electro negativity of atoms I would expect the 1-chlorobutane to react the fastest due to its high polarity (having more ability to attract electrons) the order I would expect is C-Cl fi rst then C-Br and finally C-I but as the experiment is actually based on bond enthalpies 1-chlorobutane should take the longest to react as it has the highest bond enthalpy.Based on this table of bond enthalpies (right) I would expect 1-iodobutane would react fastest as it has a lower bond enthalpy thus easier for bonds to be broken the order I would expect them to react in is C-Cl, C-Br, C-I

Effective communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Effective communications - Essay Example It will also help if we are cautious of the correct language usage and avoid vague terms. One style of effective communication is using diversity and common ground. We should look for the interest and purpose of the person we are talking to establish rapport. Even if you view differences of perspectives, honor that differences, incorporate it into your own for a powerful communication. There is a time that it is better to be silent when you are not sure of the relationship. For example, you should understand the topics that should be avoided in the organization, profession and even in personal relations. According to the College of Marin lecture, Chap. 1, there are barriers to communications. Sender should know the adaptability of the message to receiver and should recognize the needs, the status, and knowledge of the subject and language skills of the receiver. For instance, when someone is angry, you should listen for a while until he/she is able to express her feelings. Lack of understanding on the subject, sender cannot explain clearly what he wants and receiver does not get the message clearly. For example, an angry customer cannot explain technicalities while sales people cannot answer. Emotional interference creates a barrier, as in if someone is filled with emotions like being angry, joyful, and tearful; he may not receive the intended message and may deliberately not hear them. (w.c.

Analyzing an ELS learner piece of language Assignment

Analyzing an ELS learner piece of language - Assignment Example The orthography poses a great problem as English is written from left to right while Arabic language is written from right to left. Keeping in view all these problems, a teacher of English has to perform a very difficult task in making his students master English language. The present study probes into different aspects regarding errors made by Arabic speakers during ESL learning. A sample of composition from an Arabic speaking student has been analyzed to highlight commonly occurring errors. In the following paragraphs we will first point out the errors and then find out the possible cause of these errors and in the end certain remedial measures would be suggested. Different researchers have also paid attention to this issue and have studied Arabic speaking learners to find out the possible solutions. The persistence of these errors suggests that some pedagogical intervention to raise students consciousness about them is necessary.( Cowan,2008).Lado(1957) hypothesized that errors in the second language (L2) are caused by the interference of the students native language. Such errors reflect the students inability to separate L1 and L2. Therefore, a contrastive analysis of L1 and L2, he thought, will help predict the areas of difficulty in L2. Odlin (1989): James (1980); Brown (1980) pointed out that students’ errors in L2 are caused by several processes. These include transfer, overgeneralization and communication strategies. There are many problematic areas for the students of English language in Arab countries. From the very beginning, he/she realizes that he/she is learning a different language which has many sounds which are not present in their mother tongue. The sounds which become difficult for the Arab learners are: The Arabic speakers mostly replace / p/ with / b/ sound that is the reason that they feel difficulty in pronouncing words like People, popular , perpetuate .In this case we will hear /b/ sound instead

Ice on rock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ice on rock - Essay Example Andy very beautifully mentions that the very thing which brings this work to life is the one which causes its death, i.e., water. The main materials required are a number of icicles in solid condition, liquid glue and a sturdy rock. First and foremost, get familiar with the environment, the rivers and the rocks, and collect plenty of suitable icicles likely to be found just at the boundary of the shore of the river. The zigzag flow of the river needs to be depicted by the structure. Design it in such a way as to give an illusion of the icicles flowing through the rock. Create the structure with bare hands, as gloves stick to the icicles and moreover, the hands don’t have the sensitivity to handle them with gloves on. Start with the thickest icicles and the middle of the rock. Decrease the thickness gradually as you reach the top of the rock. Next, pick one icicle and dip its tip in the liquid glue. Now, carefully stick it to one side of the rock. By gluing the icicles from end to end, and navigating from one end of the rock to the other for each ‘wave’ of icicles, complete almost the whole structure, just leaving out the bends. Carefully notice the size of the icicle required for the bend, and break it with your teeth.

Visiting Beijing, China †Peking! Tourist destinations

Visiting Beijing, China – Peking! Tourist destinations Beijing – Peking! NÇ  hÇÅ ½o! (Hello in Mandarin) Beijing is the second largest city in China and is known for its culture, politics and education. Beijing in Chinese means ‘Northern Capital’ and was known by many other names in its earlier days. It has been the home for the Ming and Qing dynasties and is surrounded by hills. This city, which hosted the Olympics in 2008 has a population of over 20 million and is the most populous city in China. A lot of tourists visit this vibrant city to see the city of culture and relish the traditional food and tea. You will also be fascinated by its various temples, architecture, culture, and museums. While you are here, do ensure that you see the Great Wall of China, one of the wonders of the world. Best Season to Visit Beijing Beijing has a continental climate with hot and humid summers and cold winters. Summers are very hot, but this doesn’t deter the tourists from visiting the city. Spring in Beijing is dry and warm and you will see dust storms. Smog can be a huge challenge as well which is more during winters. You will also see snow in winters with temperatures going below -10 degrees. The best time to visit Beijing is in the months of September and October (Golden Autumn season). Highlights (Special things to do in Beijing) Visit the largest square in the world, the Tiananmen Square. Be amazed at seeing the Great Wall of China! Explore the Forbidden City (Palace Museum), which is a UNESCO Heritage Site. Learn about Peking man and ancient archeological discoveries at the Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site Museum. Visit the Lama Temple, which is the most traditional and magnificent among the numerous temples in the city and the best place to see the Tibetan traditions and prayers. Visit the interesting Bell and Drum Towers, which was used for time keeping in the earlier days. Visit the world famous National Stadiumalso known as the ‘Birds Nest’. Watch the theatre performances and acrobats that are unique and different from any other city in the world. Enjoy the sunset at Houhai Lake on a romantic boat ride with your loved one. Enjoy a peaceful leisure stroll at the Beihai Park. Explore the courtyard and streets of Hutong by walk or cycle rickshaw. Relish Beijing’s most famous Peking roast duck, lamb kebabs, candied haw berries at its restaurants or at the street shops. Experience visiting a Tea House, which has acrobatics and other folk performances at the tea ceremony. Relax at the end of your vacation with a Chinese massage with aromatherapy or shiatsu. Hotspots of Beijing Tiananmen Square: This is the largest square in the world and is one of the top things you have to see when in Beijing. The Square has numerous tourist attractions around it – Museum of the Chinese Revolution, Museum of the Chinese History, Great Hall of the People, Qianmen Gate, Monument to the Peoples Martyrs and several others. Great Wall of China: You can plan an afternoon to see one of the wonders of the world. You can see the ruins of the Great Wall, which was built by the Ming Dynasty. The Badaling stretch of the Great Wall with its beautiful landscapes is spectacular and will make you ponder how it was built in the earlier days. If you are fit, do attempt to trek at the Great Wall and make it an unforgettable experience. Forbidden City: Known as the Purple Forbidden City in Chinese, this is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and home of the Palace Museum. It has the largest collection of ancient wooden structures preserving historical findings about the Ming dynasty. The architecture and collection of paintings is marvelous here. Summer Palace: Located by the Kunming Lake and Longevity Hill, the summer palace is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Tower of Buddhist Incense is a prominent structure and can be seen from any part of the palace and garden. It is a popular tourist attraction for its architecture, gardens, bridges, temples and for the serenity around the palace. Beihai Park: This is the largest park in China. It is located by the lake and is famous for its numerous temples, structures and temples in the park. The highest point on the Jade Flower Island is the White Pagoda which is a prominent structure. Nine-Dragon Wall at the Five-Dragon Pavilions is famous across the country for its artistic paintings. There are several pavilions, temples and gardens inside the park which is a unique experience that you would like to see again. Beijing Zoo: The Beijing Zoo is popular for its adorable Pandas at the Panda Hall. The zoo has 16 exhibition halls with its most famous ones being the Panda Hall and the Gorilla Hall. The zoo has polar bears, giraffes, elephants, zebras, kangaroos, golden monkeys and various other animals. It is a perfect place for kids who will be fascinated and excited to see all the animals. Shopping in Beijing Beijing is known for its artistic craftsmen who create curios, silk, ivory carvings, pearl, jade and lacquer. You can shop for a lot of things in Beijing, which includes clothes, curios, jewelry, electronics, traditional silk printed items, artistic lacquer items and unique house decors. The popular shopping centers in the city are Xidan Commercial Street, Wangfujing Street, Hongqiao Pearl Market, Lufthansa Centre, Qianmen Street, Jade Factory and Silk Market. You must visit the Tea Street or Maliandao Tea City that have a large number of tea stores who stock an exceptionally high variety of tea. If you want to buy antiques then Panjiayuan Flea Market and Colored Glaze Factory are the places to visit. How to reach Beijing By Air – Beijing Capital International Airport (second largest airport in the world) is the main airport and caters to both international and domestic flights whereas Beijing Nanyuan Airport is a domestic airport. The airports are well connected with taxis and shuttles. Be careful about the taxi you take from the airport and make sure that the queue manager guides you to the right taxi. By Train – Beijing Railway Station is the main station; there 4 other stations – Beijing West Railway Station, Beijing East Railway Station, Beijing North Railway Station, Beijing South Railway Station and Huangcun Railway Station. The main station, West and South connect all major cities within the country, Russia and North Korea. The others are smaller stations with lesser scheduled trains. By Road – There are several expressways to Beijing which are very well maintained and easy to commute by car. There are National highways as well connecting other major cities within the country. By Bus – There are long distance buses to/from Mongolia and Shanghai. The city has over 20 bus stations connecting all cities within the country. There are sleeper buses, regular and express buses. You can also avail meal services if you pay additional charges. How to get around in Beijing Taxis are the best way to get around in the city and also the most convenient and easily available anywhere in the city. The taxis are comfortable cars and fares are reasonable. The minimum starting fare is  ¥ 13 for 3 kilometers and then additional  ¥2.3 per kilometer. The downside is that not all taxi drivers speak English and you could waste time in traffic jams. Black cabs are more expensive. If you hire a cab be prepared for traffic jam delays and complicated routes. Subways have good connectivity to all parts of the city; they have English markings and are faster to travel to any part of the city and cheaper. Buses are also cheap but crowded and only some buses announce the stop names in English; the bus stop boards are not in English. Beijing has excellent bike lanes on all major streets and offers a good way to explore the city. Minibuses are ideal for countryside travel. Top areas in Beijing Beijing City Centre – This is the main financial center of the city. Most of the finance and media companies operate from the skyscrapers in this vicinity. The view of the city center from the Beijing TV Centre at night is spectacular. Beijing CBD International Business Festival is the most famous festival held here. The real estate prices in the area have been on the rise in the last decade. Chaoyang – The area has Beijing’s Central Business District and is famous for its restaurants, shopping, nightlife and the tourist attractions – Chaoyang Park , Chinese Ethnic Culture Park , Happy Valley Amusement Park , Side Park, Dongyue Temple , National Stadium , National Indoor Stadium , Olympic Sports Center Stadium , Art Museum of the Beijing Fine Art Academy, Blue Zoo Beijing, China National Film Museum, Sports Museum, World Trade Center Tower III and numerous art galleries and theatres. Chaoyang has the maximum tourist attractions in the city and is always busy bustling with tourists. Dongcheng – The city’s most famous Tiananmen Square is located in Dongcheng and this is surrounded by numerous tourist attractions – museums, galleries, parks, theatres and shopping arcades. Poetry Cafà © located in the area is a unique cafà © with a lot of travel and photography information. Xicheng – This is part of the old city in Beijing and is home to many tourist attractions that are rich in history and traditional architecture. There are numerous temples and parks and also Qianmen, Beijing Zoo, Fayuan Temple, Huguang Guild Hall, Capital Museum, Beijing Zoo and Aquarium and several others. National Centre for the Performing Arts stands out for its architecture and is a must see place if you visit Beijing. Haidian – Located less than an hour from the center of the city is Haidian which is famous for its Summer Palace, Old Summer Palace, Five Pagoda Temple, Purple Bamboo Par, Beijing Botanical Gardens, Fragrant Hills, World Art Museum Millennium Monument and Haidian Theater. Haidian is also famous for its shopping at New Wudaokou Clothing Market, Wudaokou Clothing Market and Golden Resources Shopping Mall and for electronics at Dinghao and Hailong. There are several clubs here that have live music bands playing among which D 22 is most famous. Sculpting in Time, Propaganda and Lush are popular pubs in the vicinity. Wangfujing – This is the most famous area in the city for shopping. You will see tourists in the area only for shopping; majority of the people who reside in this area are locals. The area has high end homes with the Qing dynasty and other aristocrats residing in the vicinity hence the name as Wangfu means ‘princely residence’. Houhai – The name means ‘Rear Sea’ in Chinese. It is a beautiful area that is famous for its lake. You can go for a boat ride during the day or at night both of which have stunning views of the city and landscapes. The area is famous for its restaurants, pubs, bars and nightclubs along the lake which attracts a lot of young locals and tourists. Xie Xie! (Thank You in Mandarin)

Anne Hutchinson :: essays research papers fc

ANNE HUTCHINSON Anne Hutchinson made the journey to the New World to break away from the Church of England. Anne wanted to feel free to express her increasingly Puritan views. Upon expressing these views, the government of Massachusetts believed that Anne was a great threat to the social and political order of Massachusetts Bay. Anne Hutchinson had claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man (Cohen, 47). Anne was basically telling the people that if they were already chosen by God to go to heaven, it did not matter whether they attended church because they were already chosen to go to heaven. Her claim also meant that if they were not chosen by God to go to heaven, it did not matter if they went to church because they were already chosen to go to hell. This also meant that they didn’t have to listen to the law of man. This was a great threat towards the government of Massachusetts. If all peoples were to live by what Anne claimed, there would not be any law-abiding citizens. The whole state would turn into a state of corruption. The government of Massachusetts was not going to let this happen. It was the very life of the colony that they should have conformity. They had to protect the unity of the colony. The government felt that Anne challenged all male supremacy. Women like Anne Hutchinson, strong-willed and very talkative, were unheard of during this time period, and had no real place in society. The role of a woman during the colonization period of the New World was basically that of a housewife. The chief duty as a wife was to her husband and children. Gathering a select group at her home, she would review and even reinterpret the ministers’ sermons in the light of her own brand of Calvinism (Bailey, 45). She taught them that every person could ask and receive an answer from God if they would listen. If Anne would continue to express her thoughts amongst other women, all women would become a challenge to all male supremacy. The government of Massachusetts was forbidding letting this happen to their society.

Homosexuality as a Deviance: Discrimination In Society Essay

Deviance is a behavior that does not conform to social norms, therefore is socially created. Since most people in the United States believe that homosexuality is wrong, society has created homosexuality to be a deviance. Since deviance is relative and not absolute to a society, homosexuality is not a universal form of sexual deviance. There are many cultures that accept forms of homosexuality. The Western society is not accepting of it though, and many times this non-accepting view cause discrimination towards homosexuals. Is homosexuality a way for some people to deviate, or is it just the way some people need to live their lives? If that is the way of life for some people than society has to become accepting towards this lifestyle. Homosexuals are a minority since they differ from the accepted sexual orientation. They become objects of discrimination and contempt. Some of societies anti-homosexual attitudes come from homophobia. Homophobia is â€Å"the irrational fears of homosexuality in others, the fear of homosexual feelings within oneself, or self-loathing because of one’s homosexuality. It stems from ignorance and popular myths that give rise to homosexual prejudice†(Crooks 255). Homophobia is expressed in many ways, both subtle and direct. Telling jokes about queers, belittling their lifestyle, denying them housing, employment, membership into organizations, and engaging in violence against homosexuals. Heterosexuals also express homophobia by avoiding acts that would cause people to think they were gay. It affects men the most like this because it hinders male friendships. Men do not want to get too close to their male friends, or express emotions because they might be considered gay. Homophobia restricts the lives of both gay and straight people. Laws against homosexual behaviors have been very punitive. In the American colonies homosexuals were put to death by burning or drowning. Sodomy, which is oral or anal sex, was against the law in the United States until 1961. Illinois became the first state to repeal the sodomy laws. Now only 13 states continue to have sodomy laws. Even though these laws apply to all segments of the population, they are usually enforced against homosexual men. † Sodomy laws are used to harass homosexuals, especially gay men,  because women in general and lesbians in particular are socially invisible in society†(Eitzen 304). An example of the injustice of sodomy laws is the case of Matthew Leeman. He has been sentanced to 17 years in prison under Kansas State sodomy laws. The details of the case are 18 year old Leeman was convicted of giving a 15 year old boy consensual oral sex due to violation of the state’s sodomy laws. In Kansas sex with any minor is illegal, but there is also a Romeo and Juliet law that states sex with a minor is less of an offense if there is little age difference. Therefore if Leeman had given consensual oral sex to a 15 year old girl he would have received a 12 month sentance. But under the sodomy laws all same sex activities are illegal regardless of age, so the Romeo and Juliet exception does not apply to him. The case was appealed all the way to the Kansas State Supreme Court with the ruling upheld. So 18 year old Matthew Leeman will be in jail until he is 36 years old. The Supreme Court has upheld the right of states to prohibit sodomy in the case Bowers v. Hardwick in 1986. Recently the Supreme Court has decided it will revisit the issue of whether states can continue to prosecute homosexual men for having consensual sex in their homes. A descion is expected in June of 2003. Bars where homosexuals frequent are often raided by the police and many are arrested under the sodomy laws. This practice makes it difficult for homosexuals when they apply for jobs. Applications for employment ask if a person has a criminal record. Since some gays have records for violation sodomy laws, they must write it on their application. Both these offenses, having a record and being gay, makes employment less likely. Homosexuals, especially males, are highly discriminated against in activities considered to be super manly. Up until recently a person could not be gay in the military. Homosexuals were honorably discharged from the military. In 1993 President Clinton attempted to change this tradition. He received much opposition from politicians, citizens and the military. The result was a compromise, a don’t ask, don’t tell rule. This meant that the military personal was not to inquire about sexual preference, and that service members were not to be blatant about their sexual orientation. Another macho activity is sports. Gay men in sport have not been accepted. † There is much at stake in maintaining the silence about gay men in sports and in  discouraging gay male athletes from revealing their identities†(Coakley 234). To even talk about homosexuals in sports would threaten the system of gender classification. The fact is though there are homosexuals in sports and they are discriminated against. In the locker room athletes use anti- gay banter as part of daily life. Homosexuals in sports live in fear of the truth about their sexuality coming out. Although recently studies have shown that organized sports are becoming less homophobic. People in sports are becoming more tolerant of homosexuals. But the value of a homosexual athlete is of core importance. † Gay athletes with high human capital are much more likely to come out of the closet to their teams than are gay athletes with medium or low human capital†(Anderson 12). As homosexuals are slowly accepted by society, the gender lines that inhibit so many will slowly be erased. Another way homosexuals are discriminated against is through family rights. No State in America allows marriage between members of the same sex. Aside from the emotional benefits, there are legal benefits that come with marriage. Health insurance coverage, inheritance of property, and tax benefits are just a few advantages that come with a legally recognized relationship. Parenthood is another aspect of life that homosexuals are disadvantaged. The rights of gay parents are usually denied. When two people divorce it is most often the mother that gains more custody. â€Å"However if the mother is an acknowledged lesbian, this may jeopardize her claim to custody†(Crooks 266). A homosexual man has an even harder time gaining custody, because he has a double disadvantage. Many gay couples are also denied the right to adopt children; in some states it is even illegal. Some lesbian couples have children through artificial insemination. The problem with this is that only the mother of the child is legally recognized as the parent. There are only eight states that â€Å"second-parent adoptions by lesbians and gays have been approved in California, Oregon, Alaska, Washington, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Washington D.C.†(Strong 356). Being homosexual should not prohibit people from raising a legally recognized family. There are two ways that homosexuals deal with living in a hostile society.  The first is to conceal their sexual preference from the world. When they are in the straight world they act heterosexual, and only within the confines of privacy do they act gay. The second strategy is to be a gay liberationist. Instead of keeping their sexuality a secret, they are openly gay at all times. They challenge societal norms in hopes that there will be a change in attitudes. Gay liberationist rose about in the early 1970s, after an event that took place earlier. On June 28, 1969, the police raided Stonewall Inn, a gay hangout. Instead of dispersing as usual, the customers rioted. This incident drew a lot of needed attention to problems of police harassment that homosexuals faced. â€Å"In effect Stonewall resistance came to symbolize the birth of the modern gay rights movement†(Eitzen 312). Since Stonewall there have been many positive changes for gay rights. Now there are laws to protect the rights of homosexuals, where as before they had no laws protecting them. More and more people are coming out of the closet and are proud to be gay (A). As time continues homosexual rights will become stronger. This will only happen with the help of heterosexuals. Education is very important in the fight for gay rights. People must be informed that homosexuality is not a disease, or a sin; it is just the way of life for some people. Homosexuals are not monsters who should be put to death. Homosexuality has been around since before the written word, and each society deals with it differently. Our own society is not accepting of it. These are just humans who have a different sexual preferences than the members of normal society. Homosexuals have relationships, families, and even children, most of which are happy and healthy. They do things heterosexuals do such as serve in the armed forces and play sports. Yet society discriminates against them, even to the point of violence. Even though gay activists have made some difference in how society views their lifestyles, it is not enough. There needs to be more of a change. We as society should be more accepting of these people. If not we are the ones being deviant, with our policies of discrimination and harassment. Work Cited. Anderson, Eric. Openly Gay Athletes: Dealing with hegemonic Masculinity And Homophobia. University of California Coakley, Jay. â€Å"Sport in Society: Issues and Controversies† 7th ed. Boston: McGrawHill, 2001. Crooks, Robert. Our Sexuality. 6th ed. Pacific Grove: Brooks and Cole, 1996. Curtan, Jim. â€Å"Gay Liberation=Spiritual Liberation.† Genre 81 (2000): 74. Eitzen, D. Stanley. Social Problems. 7th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997. Strong, Bryan. The Marriage and Family Experience, Intimate Relationships in a Changing Society. 7th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1998.

Free Essays on Armed Citizen

The Armed Citizen Gun control is the idea that people's ownership of and access to guns should be limited to law-abiding citizens who fall within three distinct groups: those who need guns in the line of duty like police officers, people who are collectors or members of gun clubs, and people who need guns for protection and safety. Gun control advocates believe that restricting access to guns will reduce gun-related criminal behavior and will prevent gun-related accidents. Gun control advocates have proposed various methods of limiting access to guns, primarily by the implementation of thorough background checks at all public and private gun sales. They also advocate intrusive laws, such as requiring child safety locks, storing guns in safes or strong-boxes and some have even advocated the idea of periodic "surprise" searches of gun owner's homes, in direct violation of the 4th amendment to ensure guns are not available to children. By abolishing legally owned firearms; we would see an increase in crimes, not a decrease. This may bring one or two million additional crimes per year. Certainly there would be fewer deaths by firearms, but this might be outweighed by deaths from beatings, stabbings or other violence. We'd also have to weigh the cost of people terrorized in their own homes, afraid to answer a knock at the door. We may see a decrease in Firearm crime, but we would see a rise in other crimes, such as assaults and rapes, car jacking, home invasions, gang robberies on busses or subways and so on. Criminals would be secure in knowing that few citizens would be able to stop them. The criminals are beginning to figure out that guns are locked up and many people having alarms on their homes the best way to do the crime was to wait until their victims were home, then alarms were off and they could force their way in to terrorize the victims in their own homes. And many of these incidents involve several criminals ganging up on... Free Essays on Armed Citizen Free Essays on Armed Citizen The Armed Citizen Gun control is the idea that people's ownership of and access to guns should be limited to law-abiding citizens who fall within three distinct groups: those who need guns in the line of duty like police officers, people who are collectors or members of gun clubs, and people who need guns for protection and safety. Gun control advocates believe that restricting access to guns will reduce gun-related criminal behavior and will prevent gun-related accidents. Gun control advocates have proposed various methods of limiting access to guns, primarily by the implementation of thorough background checks at all public and private gun sales. They also advocate intrusive laws, such as requiring child safety locks, storing guns in safes or strong-boxes and some have even advocated the idea of periodic "surprise" searches of gun owner's homes, in direct violation of the 4th amendment to ensure guns are not available to children. By abolishing legally owned firearms; we would see an increase in crimes, not a decrease. This may bring one or two million additional crimes per year. Certainly there would be fewer deaths by firearms, but this might be outweighed by deaths from beatings, stabbings or other violence. We'd also have to weigh the cost of people terrorized in their own homes, afraid to answer a knock at the door. We may see a decrease in Firearm crime, but we would see a rise in other crimes, such as assaults and rapes, car jacking, home invasions, gang robberies on busses or subways and so on. Criminals would be secure in knowing that few citizens would be able to stop them. The criminals are beginning to figure out that guns are locked up and many people having alarms on their homes the best way to do the crime was to wait until their victims were home, then alarms were off and they could force their way in to terrorize the victims in their own homes. And many of these incidents involve several criminals ganging up on...

League of Nations failure essays

League of Nations failure essays Why did the League of Nations failed in the 1930s? The break down of the League did not happen overnight but rather progressively. An important reason for this could be because America was not able to loan huge amounts of money the Depression that followed on after the Wall Street Crash in 1929. Without the badly needed money, the Dawes Plan could not be put into effect any longer. Therefore, economically, Europe was spiralling down into deeper depression. America was also a powerful country, if they had became a member, the League would have stood a chance of enforcing economic sanctions on Japan in the Manchuria incident, and Italy in the Abyssinia incident. It is true that other members like France and Britain could have enforced it themselves, but the consequences are that trade would be disrupted and lead to a dropout of international relations. For example, when the issue of activating sanctions on Italy was discussed, France was not willing to co-operate because France saw Italy as a valuable ally that would protect France f rom Germany. However, one can argue that even if France had agreed, these sanctions were more than possible to be broken soon. In fact, to make it worse, the outcomes of the Manchuria and Abyssinia crises caused the League to lose Japan and Italy as important and powerful members. France and Britain were meant to provide firm support in times of crisis like these, but they were both too preoccupied by the self interests of their own nations to tackle the League problems. Their country came first instead. The League did not have an army for them to stop the Italians from invading Abyssinia. Again, Britain and France were meant to help provide the majority of these troops but they were reluctant to. This is due to the fact that at this time, both countries could not risk sacrificing military reinforcements. To them, it was not practical to send their own troops all over the world, leaving their own bord...

Employee relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Employee relations - Essay Example It also helps in identifying and assessing the various levels of employment and help define the nature and scope of relationship between the employees and employers; the social and moral values upheld by the societies; and provide guidance with regard to approaching and addressing employee disputes and grievances within and across industries. The fact that laws and regulations governing employment are implemented as a reaction to the existing social and moral values as well as the existing social, cultural, political, economic, and technological circumstances existing within a given community, state or nation. The study of employee relations hence helps in understanding and exploring the concept in a comprehensive manner and provides an insight into the factors that shape our views towards employment, employee relations, and work in general. This essay aims to explore the concept of employee relations with regard to local, national and international contexts; and the factors that influence the existing norms and in the process provide a meaningful discussion regarding the historical origins, definitions, and theoretical perspectives aided by relevant case studies to help support and substantiate the claims made. The concept of employee relations was introduced as a replacement to the term industrial relations (CIPD, 2013). Industrial relations refer to the relationship between employers and employees within an industry. Employee relations on the other hand cover a broader spectrum of this relationship and include the relationship between employers and trade unions, other representatives of the employees, as well as officials (Armstrong, 2010). Rose (2008) defines employment relations as: "The study of the regulation of the employment relationship between employer and employee, both collectively and individually, and the determination of both substantive and procedural issues at industrial, organisational and workplace

Cell Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cell Biology - Essay Example Average-sized molecules travel through the gel with different degrees of facility. Electrophoresis is done in a thin vertical slab of polyacrylamide. The course of protein movement is from top to bottom. Protein molecules can be isolated on the basis of their individual mass through use of electrophoresis in a polyacrylamide gel under protein denaturing process. The mixture of protein macromolecules is initially denatured in a homogeneous mixture of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), which is an anionic emulsifier with the ability of disrupting almost all noncovalent interactions in native proteins macromolecules. SDS forms complexes with the denatured proteins which are then subjected to electrophoresis. After the process of electrophoresis, the proteins in the gel are imaged after silver or dye stains are applied. The product is visualized as series of bands. Tiny proteins molecules travel faster through the gel, while bigger molecules of proteins remain at the top where the samples are applied or put. Mobility of most polypeptide chains under these settings is linearly proportional to the logarithm of their mass. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is very fast, sensitive, and has capacity of a high degree of resolution. As tiny as 0.1 Â µg which is equivalent to 2 pmol of a protein produces a discrete band when it is stained with Coomasie blue or less (~0.02 Â µg) can be determined with the use of a silver stain. Protein molecules which vary in mass by about 2% are commonly detected (Berg, et al., 2002). It is essential to detect minute quantities of a specific protein molecule in the presence of several other protein molecules, like for instance the presence of viral proteins in blood circulation. Very minute quantities of a protein molecule of interest concern in a cell or in the human blood can be determined by an immunoassay procedure which is called Western blotting. A sample is subjected to electrophoresis on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Blot ting or more commonly called electroblotting moves the resolved protein molecules on the SDS-polyacrylamide gel to the surface of a polymer sheet in order to have the proteins more obtainable during the reaction. A specific antibody for the protein of concern is incorporated to the polymer sheet containing the resolved protein which then forms complexes with the specific antibody. The antibody-antigen complex on the polymer sheet can be determined via rinsing the sheet with the use of a second specific antibody for the first antibody. A radioactive label that is located on the second antibody causes an illumination of dark band on an x-ray film. An alternative procedure using the ELISA method is through the use of an enzyme that is also located on the second antibody which produces a colored product. The use of Western blotting has been a breakthrough in finding a specific protein molecule in a complex mixture of different proteins. Currently, it is not only used as the basis for te sting infection of hepatitis C, wherein it is utilized to determine a core protein of the virus but the technique is also now very purposeful in genetic cloning (Berg, et al., 2002). The objective of this activity is to demonstrate stimulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor-signaling pathway by virtue of SDS-PAGE and Western blotting

Are there any Medicaid policies towards illegal and legal immigrants Essay

Are there any Medicaid policies towards illegal and legal immigrants - Essay Example borders to work and to receive publicly-funded services, often with the aid of fraudulent documents. Such entry is a misdemeanor and, if repeated, becomes punishable as a felony. Over eight million illegal immigrants live in the United States -- some estimate even more.† (American Patrol, 21 September 2008.) Research has found that ill legal immigration affects the citizens of that particular country, especially the poor people and the legal immigrants. It is also found that the taxes paid by these illegal immigrants are far less than the services received by them. Countries like United States of America are trying their level best to counter this by increased border patrol but this is not only reason for illegal immigration, most of the cases occur because of people who overstay even after their visa is expired. United States of America provides Medicaid facilities to the legal and illegal immigrants but this results in a very big loss for the economy of the country because the people take undue advantage of the same by overstaying in the hospitals even after recovery. The Medicaid policies depend on state to state but there are some states in America which provide the young children and elders requiring medical attention with great facilities like free drugs, free nursing and proper m edical attention. Off late the federal law has brought in many restrictions to keep a check on the illegal immigrants, this also ensures a strict check on the money spent on the public welfare. Some of the services provided by Medicaid to the people are Vaccine for the children, rural health care services, transportation services and these are just a handful of many services provided by the Medicaid in America. The funding of these services provided by the states comes from a partnership between the federal and the state government and this was established in the year 1965, this comes under the social security act. â€Å"States with lower per capita

Porter Diamond Essay Example for Free

Porter Diamond Essay Michael Porter put forth a theory in 1990 to explain why some countries are leaders in the production of certain products. His work incorporates certain elements of previous international trade theories but also makes some important new discoveries. He identifies four elements present to varying degrees in every nation that form the basis of national competitiveness. Analyze the current situation of Japan using the four elements of Porter’s national competitive advantage theory. Suggested Answers: 1. Factor conditions Japan possesses relatively weak basic factors but good advanced factors, e. g. availability of high quality scientist and engineers; and advanced rail road and telecommunication infrastructure. 2. Demand conditions High degree of buyer sophistication Strong preference for new product and high demand for quality products and services 3. Related and supporting industries Clusters in manufacturing sector are sustained by abundant and high quality supporting industries. For example, the automobile parts cluster in Ota City and the industrial supply base for construction machinery in Komatsu City. 4. Firm strategy and rivalry Good cooperation in labor-employer relations. Japan has traditionally lifetime employment, which helps to build good relationship between  management and employees High intensity of local competition. There are large number of companies in both manufacturing and service sectors, e.g. car manufacturers and IT software companies CGE25101 Globalization and Business Tutorial 12 Discussion Question: The Porter’s Diamond Michael Porter put forth a theory in 1990 to explain why some countries are leaders in the production of certain products. His work incorporates certain elements of previous international trade theories but also makes some important new discoveries. He identifies four elements present to varying degrees in every nation that form the basis of national competitiveness. Analyze the current situation of Japan using the four elements of Porter’s national competitive advantage theory. Suggested Answers: 5. Factor conditions Japan possesses relatively weak basic factors but good advanced factors, e.g. availability of high quality scientist and engineers; and advanced rail road and telecommunication infrastructure. 6. Demand conditions High degree of buyer sophistication Strong preference for new product and high demand for quality products and services 7. Related and supporting industries Clusters in manufacturing sector are sustained by abundant and high quality  supporting industries. For example, the automobile parts cluster in Ota City and the industrial supply base for construction machinery in Komatsu City. 8. Firm strategy and rivalry Good cooperation in labor-employer relations. Japan has traditionally lifetime employment, which helps to build good relationship between management and employees High intensity of local competition. There are large number of companies in both manufacturing and service sectors, e.g. car manufacturers and IT software companies CGE25101 Globalization and Business Tutorial 12 Discussion Question: The Porter’s Diamond Michael Porter put forth a theory in 1990 to explain why some countries are leaders in the production of certain products. His work incorporates certain elements of previous international trade theories but also makes some important new discoveries. He identifies four elements present to varying degrees in every nation that form the basis of national competitiveness. Analyze the current situation of Japan using the four elements of Porter’s national competitive advantage theory. Suggested Answers: 9. Factor conditions Japan possesses relatively weak basic factors but good advanced factors, e.g. availability of high quality scientist and engineers; and advanced rail road and telecommunication infrastructure. 10. Demand conditions High degree of buyer sophistication Strong preference for new product and high demand for quality products and services 11. Related and supporting industries Clusters in manufacturing sector are sustained by abundant and high quality supporting industries. For example, the automobile parts cluster in Ota City and the industrial supply base for construction machinery in Komatsu City. 12. Firm strategy and rivalry Good cooperation in labor-employer relations. Japan has traditionally lifetime employment, which helps to build good relationship between management and employees High intensity of local competition. There are large number of companies in both manufacturing and service sectors, e.g. car manufacturers and IT software companies CGE25101 Globalization and Business Tutorial 12 Discussion Question: The Porter’s Diamond Michael Porter put forth a theory in 1990 to explain why some countries are leaders in the production of certain products. His work incorporates certain elements of previous international trade theories but also makes some important new discoveries. He identifies four elements present to varying degrees in every nation that form the basis of national competitiveness. Analyze the current situation of Japan using the four elements of Porter’s national competitive advantage theory. Suggested Answers: 13. Factor conditions Japan possesses relatively weak basic factors but good advanced factors, e.g. availability of high quality scientist and engineers; and advanced rail road and telecommunication infrastructure. 14. Demand conditions High degree of buyer sophistication Strong preference for new product and high demand for quality products and services 15. Related and supporting industries Clusters in manufacturing sector are sustained by abundant and high quality supporting industries. For example, the automobile parts cluster in Ota City and the industrial supply base for construction machinery in Komatsu City. 16. Firm strategy and rivalry Good cooperation in labor-employer relations. Japan has traditionally lifetime employment, which helps to build good relationship between management and employees High intensity of local competition. There are large number of companies in both manufacturing and service sectors, e.g. car manufacturers and IT software companies CGE25101 Globalization and Business Tutorial 12 Discussion Question: The Porter’s Diamond Michael Porter put forth a theory in 1990 to explain why some countries are  leaders in the production of certain products. His work incorporates certain elements of previous international trade theories but also makes some important new discoveries. He identifies four elements present to varying degrees in every nation that form the basis of national competitiveness. Analyze the current situation of Japan using the four elements of Porter’s national competitive advantage theory. Suggested Answers: 17. Factor conditions Japan possesses relatively weak basic factors but good advanced factors, e.g. availability of high quality scientist and engineers; and advanced rail road and telecommunication infrastructure. 18. Demand conditions High degree of buyer sophistication Strong preference for new product and high demand for quality products and services 19. Related and supporting industries Clusters in manufacturing sector are sustained by abundant and high quality supporting industries. For example, the automobile parts cluster in Ota City and the industrial supply base for construction machinery in Komatsu City. 20. Firm strategy and rivalry Good cooperation in labor-employer relations. Japan has traditionally lifetime employment, which helps to build good relationship between management and employees High intensity of local competition. There are large number of companies in both manufacturing and service sectors, e.g. car manufacturers and IT software companies CGE25101 Globalization and Business Tutorial 12 Discussion Question: The Porter’s Diamond Michael Porter put forth a theory in 1990 to explain why some countries are leaders in the production of certain products. His work incorporates certain elements of previous international trade theories but also makes some important new discoveries. He identifies four elements present to varying degrees in every nation that form the basis of national competitiveness. Analyze the current situation of Japan using the four elements of Porter’s national competitive advantage theory. Suggested Answers: 21. Factor conditions Japan possesses relatively weak basic factors but good advanced factors, e.g. availability of high quality scientist and engineers; and advanced rail road and telecommunication infrastructure. 22. Demand conditions High degree of buyer sophistication Strong preference for new product and high demand for quality products and services 23. Related and supporting industries Clusters in manufacturing sector are sustained by abundant and high quality supporting industries. For example, the automobile parts cluster in Ota City and the industrial supply base for construction machinery in Komatsu City. 24. Firm strategy and rivalry Good cooperation in labor-employer relations. Japan has traditionally lifetime employment, which helps to build good relationship between management and employees High intensity of local competition. There are large number of companies in both manufacturing and service sectors, e.g. car manufacturers and IT software companies CGE25101 Globalization and Business Tutorial 12 Discussion Question: The Porter’s Diamond Michael Porter put forth a theory in 1990 to explain why some countries are leaders in the production of certain products. His work incorporates certain elements of previous international trade theories but also makes some important new discoveries. He identifies four elements present to varying degrees in every nation that form the basis of national competitiveness. Analyze the current situation of Japan using the four elements of Porter’s national competitive advantage theory. Suggested Answers: 25. Factor conditions Japan possesses relatively weak basic factors but good advanced factors, e.g. availability of high quality scientist and engineers; and advanced rail road and telecommunication infrastructure. 26. Demand conditions High degree of buyer sophistication Strong preference for new product and high demand for quality products and services 27. Related and supporting industries Clusters in manufacturing sector are sustained by abundant and high quality supporting industries. For example, the automobile parts cluster in Ota City and the industrial supply base for construction machinery in Komatsu City. 28. Firm strategy and rivalry Good cooperation in labor-employer relations. Japan has traditionally lifetime employment, which helps to build good relationship between management and employees High intensity of local competition. There are large number of companies in both manufacturing and service sectors, e.g. car manufacturers and IT software companies

Contemporary British Culture :: essays research papers

4. What differences are there between American and British higher education and how may these be explained?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before coming to study abroad here in Manchester, I didn't realise how different the two higher education systems were. My parents used to always tell me how it was when they grew up and went to school in India, but the connection between India and England never clicked till I actually got here. The obvious difference that comes to mind is the way the two systems are funded. Another is the way a student picks his course of study. Now these two differences are ones anyone can learn about from books, but there is one huge difference that one can only experience by coming here. That is the social aspect and how diverse the university here really is compared to most in the United States. Let us explore these differences and the causes for them in more detail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When picking a university to attend in the United States, tuition and room and board costs play a vital role. In most cases, the cost is what makes the final decision because out of state or private schools cost almost double to attend than instate or public schools. This decision making process would never take place here because cost is not a deciding factor. The difference lies in the way the two systems are funded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the states, government funding plays a very small role. Every student is allowed to fill out a free financial aid form where one must enclose family income, assets, number of children, cost of attending chosen school among other things that the government looks upon and determines how much money will be awarded. Basically, it's award is only need-based. The rest of the money owed can either be paid off or borrowed from the school or banks in the form of interest-cumulating loans. Now in Britain, the government provides all of tuition costs and gives out grants and loans for living expenses. Students used to just need enough money for personal expenses, but the government doesn't provide living expenses anymore so money needs to be secured for that as well by students(Ainley). The grants and loans offered here are usually interest free as well. Some of my friends tell me that their loans don't need to be paid back until they graduate and have a secure job. What are some possible reasons for this difference?

What would happen if the World Runs out of Oil and Gas :: essays research papers

Oil is hydrocarbons that grew up in the earth when source rock full of organic inclusions sank to just the right depth not too little and not too much and got cooked over the ages. It took hundreds of millions of years for the world's supply of oil to be created. The oil is used to make gasoline obviously, but also home heating oil, diesel fuel but also 90 percent of all the organic chemicals that we use. That includes pharmaceuticals, agricultural products, plastics, fabrics and so on. They are petrochemicals, meaning they originate as oil. the need for those hydrocarbon materials has been increasing for 150 years and will go on increasing especially because the world's population is increasing. The poorer parts of the world want to increase their standard of living, which inevitably means using more energy. Fossil fuels are our principal source of energy. I hope that enough people will become aware of the problem and we will be a little better prepared, Right now we don't have the kind of leadership that would take us in the direction that would make major changes. As individuals we can do things, driving hybrid cars, for example. But as a society we have to redesign cities so that people live close to where they work. There are all kinds of measures. We are so profligate in the use of energy that even with the smallest effort we can reduce the rate at which we use energy very significantly, as Californians showed after the last energy crisis. But what we really need is massive infusion of research on all of the possible ways of ameliorating this problem. It's possible for us to revert either to natural gas or to coal or both. Among consequences are the increasing global climate change. But another consequence is, let us suppose you tried to substitute coal for oil. Natural gas is a good substitute and it will last for a while but it will have its own peak one or two decades after oil, so it's only a temporary solution. If you turn to coal, we're now using twice as much energy from oil as we are from coal. So if you want to liquefy coal as a substitute for oil in transportation which is its most important application you would have to mine coal at a rate that's many, many times at the rate of what we're doing now.

Broadcasting of the BBC Documentary ‘The Secret Policeman’ Essay

On Tuesday 21st October 2003, the BBC’s documentary The Secret Policeman was broadcast to approximately 5 million viewers in Britain. Mark Daly, an undercover reporter had spent seven months posing as a fellow trainee at the Bruche National Training Centre in Cheshire to film an exposà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ on racism among police recruits. The film not only provided evidence of police racism but also highlighted the stereotypical representations of Black identity within Western ideology. In this essay I propose to investigate how the British media’s representation of Blacks has, rather than reflecting reality, constructed it. My research predominantly focuses on evidence gathered from racial reports and theories of the 1980’s until the present day and examines the development, if any, within race representation in the media. Pre-1980’s case studies are generally omitted because of the rapid development of discussion of racial issues as a reaction to the brutal riots of that decade. Additionally, the institutional and individual stereotyping revealed within The Secret Policeman can be directly related to prevalent issues specifically within the media of the previous two decades. Controversially, I ultimately aim to depict The Secret Policeman as a symbol of advancement in Black representation within Britain. â€Å"The use of the term ‘Black bastard’ and ‘Nigger’†¦ isn’t racist† The Secret Policeman’s inclusion of a clip of racist remarks by the Police Federation’s Representative in 1983 is an accurate reflection of the racial turmoil that Britain’s Institutions and communities were in. Black lawlessness was an image that dominated the Press reporting on riots from 1980 – 85. A predominantly Black riot against at Bristol’s police force in 1980 was followed by further confrontational outbreaks in 1981. The first two years of riots gained Britain’s (particularly young) West Indian community the reputation for being â€Å"notorious for muggings, assaults and murders†2 but nonetheless presented a slight initial interest into the awareness of the underlying causes. The scale of Britain’s urban unrest between these years varied considerably but the sequence of violence after 1980 forced the political agenda to include an examination of the origins of the protests. The Press employed Brixton (1981) to highligh t the need for enhanced Government economic policies; â€Å"As we condemn the senseless terror†¦ we also condemn the deep seated social problems†¦which spawned them.† From 1983 to 1985 Britain’s poor and predominantly West Indian and Asian neighbourhoods experienced social disturbances, as was the case in 1981. Once more, the media endorsed the riots as the criminal acts of black, inner-city youths but this time they were not linked to ethnic inequality, oppression or socio-economic frustration but only to the Blacks’ position in society and their undermining of the law and cultural traditions of the minority communities themselves. The British press’s reaction to the prominence of riots particularly during 1985 was to decline both generally to examine the reasons for them and specifically to consider ethnical inequality as a cause. Subjects of immigration, housing, employment, social facilities and race relations within the civic authorities that were central to the causes of the urban violence, were abandoned for crude simplifications that represented Blacks as the sole initiators of the violence. The criminal identity with which the media had labelled Blacks was not wholly fictitious. Anecdotal evidence of provocative quotes and repetition of unreliable stories would always ‘operate within a dominant regime of truth’4. Crimes involving Blacks were given disproportionate coverage that suggested a behavioural generalisation that would never be suggested of Whites. Stereotyping was not the only form of racism; more covertly the press would exclude or misconstrue statistics such as those that showed Blacks to be twice as likely to be out of work as their counterparts. The coverage of Tottenham’s 1985 riot gave less publicity to the death of a lack woman than the ensuing disturbances in which a police constable was murdered. The policeman’s role as a victim totally overshadowed the mourning of the aggressor that the Black fatality was consigned to. ‘The perspective within which coloured people are presented as ordinary members of society has become increasingly overshadowed by a news perspective in which they are presented as a problem.’ Teun. A. Van Dijk was highly influenced by Hartmann and Husband’s early study of racism in the press which concluded the above labelling of Blacks. According to Van Dijk the riots were topicalized in a style recognisable across the entire media front; the event, the causes and the consequences. Contrary to using these journalistic traits to investigate all areas of the riots, Britain’s media manipulated it as a means of reporting on selective data. The event was described as the attacks of ‘mobs’ of black youths; in order to maintain the stimulus once the disturbance was over the primary definition of the cause of the riots was in terms of Black criminality in preference to the inner city conditions. Finally, the exoneration of Institutional Britain was enabled through the report’s focus into future containment, policing and inquiries. The report pattern of Black mob, Black crime and Black prevention was typical of a whole generation’s instinc tive approach to Black Britain. The media’s response to the 1980’s riots created and regurgitated images of Black male criminals. Blacks in non-race stories were not considered newsworthy. Encouragingly by the 1980’s Black was on the political agenda; however by 1985 it had been relegated from the social issue some commentators had perceived, via a social problem to a social evil. If the media’s hegemonic reports and editorials in the 1980’s were classed as a barely disguised belief in White supremacy, The Secret Policeman strangely that that attitude to Blacks is as strong today as ever it was then. â€Å"I’m a firm believer that Paki’s create racism.† â€Å"Most Asians carry knives.† â€Å"The thing in London is, the majority of street robbery is Black† In 1982 the Commission for Racial Equality published the first code of practice on eliminating discrimination and promoting equal opportunities, which was speedily identified by a Daily Telegraph editorial as ‘bossy nonsense’. Arguably the code of practice was counter-productive. Attacks on anti-racist and equal rights movements were at their height during the period of 1983 to 1986, when Black became Britain’s pretext for social disturbances. Resistance towards such movements was accused of stirring racial tension through excessive political correctness. For much of the press, racism was a manufactured problem of the anti-racist left, found in social science research programmes, anti-racist projects and multi-cultural education. The anti-racist social learning process created accusations of ‘anti-English’ indoctrination thus posing a threat to White elitism, dominance and control. Thatcher’s Institutionally right-wing Britain defined itself as a protagonist of the attacks from the left that they believed favoured special treatment of multicultural Britain. Significantly, the immediate Government response to The Secret Policeman undercover investigation was given by the home secretary David Blunkett, who criticised the BBC for their â€Å"intent to create, not report, a story†¦as a covert stunt to get attention† According to the Guardian’s most recent statistics, ethnic minorities make up 9% of the UK’s population. In more urban areas such as Greater Manchester where The Secret Policeman was filmed, this percentage is believed to reach figures as high as 30%. However, the documentary showed Warrington police training base to consist of 118 white and one Asian recruit. Notably, Black people in are massively under-represented in Parliament. New Western societies still show many forms of institutional and everyday discrimination that David Blunkett arguably hoped to dismiss with a similar response to the 1980’s critical analysis of racist exposs. Over a month before The Secret Policeman was broadcast, John Gieve, the permanent Secretary at the Home Office wrote to the BBC a letter that they described as ‘unprecedented’ pressure to bully them into withdrawing the programme. The chief constable of Greater Manchester Police also intimidated the BBC with the threat of a ‘Hutton-style’ inquiry that â€Å"could destroy the BBC’s relationship with the police†. Mark Daly’s work within the police force was cut short when arrested on suspicion of deception and damaging police property; charges were dropped when embarrassingly for the police, the public were informed of the institutional racism. The Observer newspaper considered the Whitehall and police resistance worthy of its front-page headline ‘Home Office ‘tried to axe’ BBC police race expos’. Headlines are carefully devised as a pithy synopsis of the story. They quickly impart knowledge in a way which facilitates both understanding and recall. The headlines of news reports about ethnic affairs summarize events that the media’s white academics, teachers, writers and political activists define as relevant to white and black readers’ interests. The media’s manipulation of headlines dramatized the 1980’s anti-racism only to emphasise the Western ideology of Black negativity. For example the Telegraph’s conspicuous headline ‘bossy nonsense’ clearly established the tedium felt by the author towards the issue of tackling racism. The Observer’s recent negative portrayal of institutional antagonists of anti-racism reveals a positive shift from the media’s earlier resentment towards the anti-racist movements. So what is the ideological implication of the shift from 1980’s resentment to the Observer’s stance? How is the exposure of racism in today’s society a sign of improved race-relations? Who is to blame for today’s existing racism? â€Å"Is it the BBC’s fault this has happened?† BBC Radio One questioned both the responsibility of the police and the media in the revelation of The Secret Policeman. Radio One criticised the constable of North Wales for his reference to the hysteria related to terrorism, extremist Muslims and asylum as the rationale for increased racist views. Blaming society, it commented, was no option for police professionals who should â€Å"concentrate on training†¦ and challenge prejudice†15. Is the BBC’s accusation equitable or is pardoning society a means of pardoning the media to ultimately pardon itself? ‘How we are seen determines in part how we are treated; how we treat others is based on how we see them; such seeing comes from representation.’16 Traditionally founded on Reithian ideas of independence, access and expression, the BBC aimed to inform, educate and entertain the masses. The BBC devised itself an identity as the national cultural institution that would represent Britain’s public through Britain’s voice. In a statement following the arrest of Mark Daly, the BBC reflected the all-purpose mission they were founded upon: ‘We believe this to be a matter of significant public interest’17. The BBC, in essence, the media, is a powerful realm of social whiteness that manipulates the patterns of inter-elite communication. The ethnic minorities in Britain even today remain concentrated in relatively few areas. As a result huge numbers of the White majority rely almost exclusively on the media for knowledge of issues concerning their Black counterparts. The formations and continuance of White attitudes are therefore highly reliant upon the media’s portrayal of race-relations; most frequently found in the news. The news is an everyday routine structure, and in literal terms can be defined as a ‘classical realist text’. However, Nichols recognises that ‘the reality of news takes precedence over the news of reality’18, thus enabling it to empower, or dis-empower its subject. In these terms the subject is Black and the empowerment is integral to the serious issue of Black nationhood and identity. When reality is represented, its former unequivocal status becomes ambiguous; news is static but its context is not. For example, patterns of race reporting can attach themselves to the wider subjects of Black British existence, a procedure that Sarita Malik terms leitmotif. During the 1980’s riots, the Black identity was frequently referred to in terms of former race-related violence. Leitmotifs thus manipulated the reality to familiarise the White-eye with often-unrelated parables of Black anger that consequently created a distorted mis-informatio n about the original conflict. In contrast, representing reality can be equally deceitful through a negation of context. The news according to Malik is best at representing ‘what’ and ‘why’ but regularly fails to recognise the socio-political reasoning behind it. In terms of race relations of the last two decades Britain’s media tends to focus excessively on the wider context of Black struggle yet too seldom on the social context that fuels this struggle. The BBC’s decision to resist Governmental and Federal pressures and broadcast The Secret Policeman implied a positive shift in its allegiance to the White ruling classes. Although this documentary was yet another portrayal of the problem-orientated Black, uniquely the ‘revolting’19 and ‘Appalling, racist revelations’20 were more optimistically acknowledged as White. The television documentary is based on questions of identity that engage with the construction of relationships between subject, audience and the camera or narrator. The cinematography is used as a tool of authority in which the spectator is lured into believing they are a observing a record of untouched and immediate reality. But reality, as clarified previously, can be more ambiguous than anticipated. In fact, the illusion that a documentary allows the subject to speak for itself without moralising or judging is, like the news, a powerful status to possess. Documentaries are the most likely genre to directly address socio-political affairs and on the rare occasion of the media’s attention to multicultural development it is most probable they will be used. Unfortunately, documentaries of the 1950’s were emotive, sentimental and practically vague and similarly. The 1960’s gave little hope for a genre increasingly lacking in sensitivity and awareness towards the Black subject. In contrast to the pathos of the 1950’s White pity toward Blacks, the 1960’s employed tones of hostility, fear and conflict. Thus, the erratic history of the socialist documentary was influential and manipulative towards the enhancement of Governmental attacks that ran adjacent to the anti-racist campaigns of the 1980’s. The development of light and cheap video recording equipment has made the ‘video diary’ an accessible and extremely popular style of documentary since the late 1990’s; a development that enabled the BBC to produce The Secret Policeman. Improved camera technology initiated independent film-making and in effect greater social analysis during the 1990’s, but this was not the only continuity in television’s ‘social eye’. Governmental, cultural and economic forces were evolving towar ds today’s individualistic, consumerist and multicultural society; television had to keep pace. The documentary shifted from social generalisations to pluralism and for the first time society was eclipsed by individualism and lifestyle. Although the 1990’s showed much resistance to an increasingly cross-cultural and mixed-race Britain, the definition of society and ‘Britishness’ undoubtedly required re-examination. â€Å"Isn’t it good how memories don’t fade? He [Steven Lawrence] fucking deserved it and his mum and dad are a fucking pair of spongers.† PC Rob Pulling’s acclamation of the murderers and derision of the family of black student Steven Lawrence shocked viewers of The Secret Policeman. Lawrence’s mother was particularly disheartened, stating, â€Å"that, after all this time, people still held those views.†22 The stereotyping of Black people as spongers or scroungers is one that was upheld and confirmed during the rioting period of the 1980’s. The Diasporas posed a threat to Britain as a consequence of its deficiency in resources and increasing immigration numbers. In 1968 Enoch Powell suggested a much favoured but conclusively rejected topic relatable to Thatcher’s new 1980’s, right wing government; that of repatriation. Repatriation essentially warned Blacks to behave or ‘go home’. Powell returned to his theme in the wake of the 1985 Handsworth riots to create a climate of racist opinion. Immigration had become among the most prominent Press subjects, during which, one tabloid claimed that immigrants cost the taxpayer billions of pounds. Black people were constituted as the welfare state’s problem that added to taxation through an exploitation of the ‘White supremacist’ welfare state. In 1984, the News of the World printed the headline ‘à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½476 a week for waiter Abdul’. The Daily Mail picked up on this story, printing a day later; ‘Jobless Abdul†¦life of luxury in hotels†¦at the taxpayers’ expense.’24 The actuality of this story is that the 476 payment that was referred to was an inclusive sum covering the cost of housing Abdul, his wife and his six children. More interestingly, Abdul Bari was a British citizen. In 1999, six years after the Lawrence incident, Sir William Macpherson undertook a high profile investigation into the racism and discrimination in the Metropolitan Police Force.His Report coined the phrase ‘institutional racism’. This triggered discussions of discrimination within Britain’s leading institutions: the police, the media, the education system and the government. Following the Lawrence enquiry huge numbers of police were forced to undertake intensive training in racial equality and similar, revised programmes are ongoing today. One police force in Britain sent 40 000 employees on race training days within the last year, but Pulling’s overt racism raises questions of the efficacy of the Home Office’s current strategy of challenging prejudice. In the concluding chapter of her book Representing Black in Britain, Sarita Malik makes a discouragingly negative, albeit honest assertion that the accepted sentiment that ‘racist Britain’ is in decline is somewhat false. By this, she suggests that racism in the media, as in other public sectors, has merely been concealed. Malik proposed that truthful representations could emerge only through more diverse, aesthetically innovative and accurate portrayals of Blacks. More relevantly to The Secret Policeman, Malik highlighted the need for a rethink of the constituent parts that compose Britain’s media: resources, employment and ultimately its national heritage. Whilst the number of Blacks and ethnic minorities on British television has increased dramatically – particularly in urban based soaps such as Holby City and Eastenders – the production teams and editors continue to favour Whites. My premise that The Secret Policemen established an interesting re lationship with the development of British media was formed whilst listening to a Radio Four news programme. It suggested that The Secret Policeman provided hard evidence that racism had gone underground. The programme concluded that although the police understood the ‘should’s and shouldn’t’s’ of racial procedures, impartiality was never entrenched in their hearts and minds. Consistently with my research, the social learning process of the media has potentially played a huge role in PC Pulling’s racist prejudices and discrimination. Racism is not innate after all; it is learned. So how is it that I feel confident to propose The Secret Policeman as evidence of enhanced race-relations within the media? The role of the media is not isolated, but connected in numerous ways to the elites in general; this time it stood alone. The BBC assumed the role of the anti-racist and confronted the majority. The Secret Policeman exposed to huge public numbers, the long-standing stereotypes of the ‘ruling-race’ and gave scope for investigating the origins of such beliefs. More positively the documentary received instant and drastic responses from both the public and the institutions. The Home Office immediately introduced plans for new police integrity tests and understood the need for societal change. The media’s willingness to scrutinise and criticise the racism revealed in The Secret Policeman marked a complete reversal from the attacks on anti-racism evident in the 1980’s. The Secret Policeman has served a distinctive purpose. It has illustrated what has long been apparent but too rarely admitted; White power is dangerously flawed. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ferguson, Robert. Representing ‘Race’, 1998. Arnold: London Gordon, Paul & Rosenberg, David. The Press and black people in Britain, 1989. Runnymede Trust: Nottingham Malik, Sarita. Representing Black in Britain, 2002. Sage: London Solomos, John. Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain, 1989. Macmillan: London Troyna, Barry. Public awareness and the media, 1981. Commission for Racial Equality: London Van Dijk, Tuen A. Racism and the Press, 1991. Routledge: London and New York